ApoTox-Glo™ Triplex Assay

The ApoTox-Glo™ Triplex Assay combines three assay chemistries to easily assess viability, cytotoxicity and apoptosis events in the same cell-based assay well. First, viability and cytotoxicity are determined by measuring two differential protease biomarkers simultaneously with the addition of a single nonlytic reagent containing two peptide substrates. The live-cell protease activity is restricted to intact viable cells and is measured using a fluorogenic, cell-permeant peptide substrate (GF-AFC Substrate). The substrate enters intact cells, where it is cleaved to generate a fluorescent signal proportional to the...

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The ApoTox-Glo™ Triplex Assay combines three assay chemistries to easily assess viability, cytotoxicity and apoptosis events in the same cell-based assay well. First, viability and cytotoxicity are determined by measuring two differential protease biomarkers simultaneously with the addition of a single nonlytic reagent containing two peptide substrates. The live-cell protease activity is restricted to intact viable cells and is measured using a fluorogenic, cell-permeant peptide substrate (GF-AFC Substrate). The substrate enters intact cells, where it is cleaved to generate a fluorescent signal proportional to the number of living cells. This live-cell protease activity marker becomes inactive upon loss of membrane integrity and leakage into the surrounding culture medium. A second, cell-impermeant, fluorogenic peptide substrate (bis-AAF-R110 Substrate) is used simultaneously to measure dead-cell protease activity that has been released from cells that have lost membrane integrity. This results in ratiometric, inversely correlated measures of cell viability and cytotoxicity. The ratio of viable cells to dead cells is independent of cell number and, therefore, can be used to normalize data. A second reagent containing luminogenic DEVD-peptide substrate for caspase-3/7 and Ultra-Glo™ Recombinant Thermostable Luciferase is added. Caspase-3/7 cleavage of the substrate releases luciferin, which is a substrate for luciferase and generates light. The light output, measured with a luminometer, correlates with caspase-3/7 activation as a key indicator of apoptosis.

Features - Benefits

• Measure Viability, Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in the Same Sample Well: Determine mechanism of cell death for cells in the same sample well.
• Easily Implement: Assay follows a simple sequential "add-mix-measure" format.
• Normalize Data with a Built-In Control: The ratio of the number of live cells/number of dead cells is independent of cell number and normalizes data. This normalization makes results more comparable well-to-well, plate-to-plate and day-to-day.
• Flexible and Easily Automated: The volumes of each assay component can be scaled to meet throughput needs and is amenable to automation in 96- and 384-well plates.
• Improves Efficiency and Saves on Lab Budget: Reduces cell culture and labor costs by performing three assays in a single well.

Applications

• Determine mechanism of cell death.
• Profile compound libraries for cytotoxic risk.

Notes

Cat.# G6320 contains sufficient reagents for 100 assays in a 96-well plate format or 400 assays in a 384-well format. Cat.# G6321 contains sufficient reagents for 500 assays in a 96-well plate format or 2,000 assays in a 384-well format.

References

1. Niles, A.L. et al. (2007) A homogeneous assay to measure live and dead cells in the same sample by detecting different protease markers. Anal. Biochem. 366, 197–206.
2. O'Brien, M.A. et al. (2005) Homogeneous, bioluminescent protease assays: Caspase-3 as a model. J. Biomol. Screen. 10 137–48.
3. Niles, A.L., Moravec, R.A. and Riss, T.L. (2008) Update on in vitro cytotoxicity assays for drug development. Expert. Opin. Drug Discovery 3, 65–9.
4. Shultz, S. et al. (2008) Utilization of an automated triplex assay: New tool to assess cell viability, cytotoxicity and apoptosis. GEN 28, 36–7.
5. Niles, A.L., Moravec, R.A. and Riss, T.L. (2009) In vitro viability and cytotoxicity testing and same-well multi-parametric combinations for high throughput screening. Curr. Chem. Gen. 3, 33–41.

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